ようではないか
接在简体形之后,表示说话人吃惊的心情和迫使听话人认同的态度;接名词,ナ形容词时不介入だ,直接接续;也有接续だった/ではない/ではなかった的情况;
这是由だ的否定形固定化后形成的表达方式,所以是书面性的表达,稍显生硬;一般男性用;通俗的说法是,男性说じゃないか,女性说じゃない、じゃないの。じゃん是更通俗的说法,男女都用;客气的说法是ではないですか/ではありませんか;在不变为タ形,总使用词典形和不能接续だろう这点上,与ではないか2是不同的;
Attaches to plain forms and expresses surprise on the part of the speaker, or the intention to press the addressee for acknowledgement. With nouns or the dictionary form of na-adjectives, ではないか can be attached directly without using だ. However, for non-dictionary forms, だった/ではない/ではなかった must be inserted.
This is a fixed expression consisting of the negative interrogative form of だ, and it has the tone of written language or a somewhat formal situation. Usually used by men. In casual conversation, men use the form じゃないか and women the forms じゃない or じゃないの. The form じゃん, which is even more casual, is used by both sexes. In polite language, the forms ではないですか and ではありませんか are used. Always appears in the dictionary form and cannot be used in the ta-form; this, as well as the fact that it cannot be combined with だろうか are what distinguish it from ではないか2.
表示发现预想不到的事时的惊讶,如果是自己希望的事,如例(4),(5)表示佩服之意,如果与盼望的相反,则如例(3)一样,表示沮丧和偏离期望之意;
Expresses surprise at an unanticipated discovery. If the discovery is something desirable, then ではないか conveys a favorable impression, as in (4) and (5). If the discovery is contrary to one’s expectations, then the meaning is disappointment or discouragement, as in (3).
B:
B: 我不那么认为,…;ENA: Aren’t you the one who’s really at fault?
B: I don’t see it that way.(2)A:
B:はい、これから
B: 好,我今后注意;ENA: Don’t you think it’s a bad idea to take a sick person out on a jaunt?
B: Yes, I’ll be more careful from now on.(3)A:おそかったじゃないか。
B:あの、
B: 可,路上太挤了;ENA: You’re late, aren’t you?
B: Well, the traffic was really bad.(4)A:まずいじゃありませんか、そんな
B:そうですか。中A: 不太合适吧,你做那种发言;
B: 是吗;ENA: Isn’t there going to be trouble if you say that?
B: You think so?(5)A:はじめにそう
B:すみません、
B: 对不起,我没注意;ENA: We could have avoided a lot of trouble if you had told us that at the beginning.
B: I’m sorry, I wasn’t thinking.
这个形式是用于训斥和谴责下级或者同级的表达方式;让对方认识这种不希望发生的状况是由于对方的责任造成的;句子一般读为降调。
Used to reproach or criticize an addressee of the same or lower status. The purpose is to make the addressee acknowledge properly that s/he is responsible for an undesirable state of affairs. Used with falling intonation.
B:ああ、
B:啊,就是那个长头发、很瘦的女孩吧。ENA: Wasn’t there a girl in your class named Tanaka-san?
B: Oh yes, a thin girl with long hair.(2)A:あそこに、
B:ええ。
A:あの
B:嗯。
A:请在邮局前面的路口右转。ENA: You can see the post office over there, right?
B: Yes.
A: At the corner just before it, please turn right.(3)
这个表达方式用于确认听话人本该知道的事,或者被认为当场能够认识的事;一般不怎么用ではないか的形式;大体上多使用じゃないか、じゃありませんか、じゃないですか的形式;
Used to remind the listener of a person or thing s/he already knows, or to bring attention to something that can be seen or heard at the present location. Since this usage is associated with a desire to confirm that the listener has understood, it is often spoken with rising intonation, and it can be substituted with other expressions of confirmation such as だろう and でしょう.
Because this usage is almost exclusively conversational, the form ではないか is actually not used very often. The forms じゃないか, じゃありませんか, and じゃないですか are used instead.
前接动词意向形,用于提议和对方共同做某事,说明自己的意志时,是稍微拘泥于形式的套话;一般男性使用;
Attached to the intentional form of a verb, this is used to suggest joint action or to express strongly one’s personal intention. A slightly formal expression, ordinarily used by males.
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