～なら
なら３
与なら2不同,不能用のなら的形式；用なら或ならば的形式；相当于N/Naだ的バ形,接动词以及イ形容词的词典形和タ形；接动词・イ形容词时可以与ば，たら互换,意思上没有大的不同；たなら是稍旧的说法,用于强调たら；
In contrast with Usage 2 of なら, Usage 3 does not take the pattern のなら. Usage 3 is used in the form なら or ならば and is equivalent to the ba-form of N/Naだ. However, it can also be used after the dictionary form or the ta-form of a verb or i-adjective. When Usage 3 of なら is preceded by a verb or an i-adjective, it can be replaced by ば or たら with very little change in meaning. たなら is an emphatic form of たら and sounds a little old-fashioned.
是N/Naだ的バ形,表示如果是…的话，假如是…的情况等假定条件,或表示如果情况相反的话等与事实相反的条件；だったなら的郑重的书面表达可以用である的バ形であれば；可以和だったら互换；
与表示主题的なら1的区别在于なら1只能接名词,表示如果N是话题的话的意思；なら3的用法表示是否是事实还未定,或虽然与事实相反但假定是那样的话的意思；在许多情况下很难判断属于哪种用法；
N/Naなら(ば) is the ba-form of N/Naだ. It expresses a hypothetical condition, such as “if such-and-such was the case” or “supposing that...,” or a counter-factual condition, such as “if the circumstances were the other way around.” In formal written Japanese, であれば, which is the ba-form of である, can also be used. N/Naなら(ば) can be replaced by だったら.
The difference between Usage 3 of なら and Usage 1 is that Usage 1 attaches to nouns only and means “if N were the topic,” while Usage 3 expresses a supposition (if it were the case that...) regarding something that is either not known to be true, or is contrary to fact. However, in many cases it is difficult to decide which usage of なら actually applies.
把具有对比性质的人物或事物进行对比时的说法；用于用另一句话做比喻时如果把…用…表达的话,而…就可以表达为…的意思；
NがNならNはNだ is used to compare people or things that have contrasting characteristics. Each person or thing is likened to something different (using different terms), and the pattern itself means “if ...can be expressed as ..., then ...can be expressed as ....”
前后接如妻，夫那样成对关系的人物或表示机关・组织的名词,用于对其人物或组织的作法及态度给予负面的评价,例如都同样糟糕，简直是些不可救药的家伙；用于一对不懂道理・懒惰・不客气・失礼等具有不好的性质・态度的人或组织；也可如例(4)所示用N1もN1ならN2もN2だ的形式；
The N slots in the pattern NがNならNもNだ are filled by pairs of nouns that represent people in a relationship, such as “husband” and “wife,” or institutions, organizations, etc. This pattern expresses a negative evaluation of the behavior or attitude of the people or organizations in question and means “both of them are equally terrible” or “they’re a totally outrageous bunch of people.” It is used to describe two parties with undesirable characteristics or attitudes, such as being thoughtless, lazy, impertinent, or rude. This pattern also takes the form N1もN1ならN2もN2だ, as in (4).
接イ形容词，动词的词典形及タ形,表示如果那种情况成立的话的意思；假定预料在未来成立的情况,预测其实现时所成立的事物的假定条件；使用するなら或したなら在意思上没有大的不同；是文言的说法,用于评论性的文章中；可以与ば，たら互换,在口语中多用ば，たら；
(1')今年も真夏の日照時間が{短ければ/短かったら}米不足の問題は深刻だ。/今年如果也是盛夏日照时间短的话,大米欠收的问题就要严重了；
(2')この機会を{逃せば/逃したら}もう2度と彼には会えないだろう。/如果你错过了这次机会,也许就再也见不到他了；
(3')このまま不況が{続けば/続いたら}失業問題が深刻になる。/如果经济不景气再这么持续下去的话,失业问题就会严重起来；
(4')今後1週間雨が{降らなければ/降らなかったら}水不足になる。/今后的一周如果不下雨的话就会造成缺水现象；
Used with the dictionary form or the ta-form of an i-adjective or verb, なら(ば) means “in the event that such a situation is realized.” It is a hypothetical conditional used to state an assumption about a situation that may be realized in the future, as well as a prediction about something that will happen if that situation is realized. なら(ば) is similar in meaning to するなら and したなら. It is a literary expression that often appears in editorial or academic texts. It can be replaced by ば and たら, and in spoken Japanese the latter are more commonly used.
是强调たら的旧式的说法,用于表示假定条件，与事实相反的条件；常在歌词中使用；日常会话一般用たら；
...たなら, an emphatic form of たら that sounds a little old-fashioned, is used to express hypothetical or counter-factual conditions. It is often used in the lyrics of popular songs, but in daily conversation たら is more common.
是在見る或言う，比べる等动词后接なら的惯用的表达方式,表示后续的判断及意见是从什么观点来进行阐述的；是稍书面式的表达方式；たら/と/ば也有同样的用法,可以互换；其它还有…によるなら/を別にするなら(如果按…的话/如果另论…的话)等；
When the dictionary form of verbs such as 見る, 言う, and 比べる is followed by なら, the result is an idiomatic expression that indicates the viewpoint from which a judgment or opinion (given in the subsequent clause) is stated. This pattern tends to be used in written Japanese. たら／と／ば can also be used with these verbs, and the resulting forms are, for the most part, interchangeable with V-るなら. Similar expressions include ...によるなら and ...を別にするなら.
用言的活用形之一,表示条件；是日语中表示条件的最典型的形式,具有与たら，と，なら进行部分重叠使用的用法；
ば is a conjugation form for predicates and indicates a condition. It is the most typical marker for conditional clauses in Japanese, and its usage overlaps partially with that of たら, と, and なら.
接名词，ナ形容词时可以省略ば,多用N/Naなら的形式；其生硬的书面表达方式为N/Naであれば；否定式N/Naでなければ既可以用于书面语也可以用于口语；イ形容词的いい不能变成。いければ、,必须变成よければ；
ば的用法大多与たら相同,但一般书面语用ば,口语中用たら；在比较随意的口语中,语尾的子音+ebd有时可以变为子音+ya(例:あれば→ありゃ、行けば→行きゃ、飲めば→飲みゃ、なければ→なけりゃ),A-ければ变为A-きゃ(例:なければ→なきゃ)；
When this conditional follows a noun or a na-adjective, ば is often dropped and the form N/Naなら is used. N/Naであれば is a formal, written expression for N/Naなら. The negative form N/Naでなければ is used in both written and spoken Japanese. The i-adjective いい always takes the form よければ, not いければ.
ば is usually used the same way as たら. However, ば tends to be used more in written Japanese, while たら is used more in spoken Japanese. In casual spoken language, sometimes the combination of “consonant + eba” at the end of a word changes to “consonant + ya” (e.g. あれば→ありゃ, 行けば→行きゃ, 飲めば→飲みゃ, なければ→なけりゃ), and the combination A-ければ may change to A-きゃ (e.g. なければ→なきゃ).
不是指特定的人或物,而是述说一般事物的条件关系,表示如果X成立Y就一定会成立的意思；与特定的时间无关,表示通常成立的规律性的，法则性的关系或因果关系,句尾用词典形；不是以个人的经验或个别的一次性的事情为题,而是用于当X成立时,就一定会成为Y，一般会成为这样，本质上是这样的场合；
Used to state a conditional relation regarding a general state of affairs, not a specific person or thing. Means “when X happens, Y also happens, without exception.” Expresses logical or rule-based relations or cause-and-effect relations that are not situated at a particular point in time but always hold true. The dictionary form is always used at the end of the sentence. Not used to talk about a personal experience or one particular event. Used to say that “when X is realized, Y is the natural consequence,” “such-and-such generally happens,” or “something is intrinsically such-and-such.”
一般不用主语,如用主语则表示对同属某一种类的事物进行论述,如无论是谁，N这种东西等；再如例(6)，(7)所示在句尾多用表示本来就具有这种性质的意思的ものだ；另外如例(9)～(10)常用于谚语或格言；
When this expression is used, the subject is often omitted. When the subject appears, it is one that refers to some kind of group as a whole, such as 人はだれでも (everyone/all people) or Nというものは (N in general). This use of the ba-form is often followed at the end of the sentence by ものだ, which indicates that the thing in question intrinsically has a certain nature, as exemplified in (6) and (7). Often used in proverbs and maxims as well, as in (9)-(11).
表示某个特定的人物或事物反复进行的动作或习惯每当X成立Y就会成立，要做X这件事就必然要做Y；与1的＜一般条件＞的区别在于＜一般条件＞是述说不特定的主语是超越时光成立的事情,句尾一定要用词典形；而这个用法不只用词典形还可以用タ形；用于述说特定主语的习惯或反复进行的动作；
Used with respect to a particular person or thing and expresses a habit or an action that is repeated. Means “every time X happens, Y happens too,” “whenever X is done, Y is invariably done as well.” The difference between this usage and the generic conditional described in 1 is that the generic conditional, which describes a situation that has an indefinite subject and transcends time, is always used with the dictionary form of a predicate at the end of the sentence, whereas the repetitive/habitual conditional can be used with not only the dictionary form but also the ta-form. This conditional is used to describe a habit or a repeated action of a definite subject.
句尾用表示动作的动词的词典形,表示特定的主语现在的习惯或反复性的动作；
This usage of the ba-form has the dictionary form of an action verb at the end of the sentence. Expresses a current habit or a repeated action of a definite subject.
表示特定的主语过去的习惯或在过去的特定条件下一定会成立的事过去总是这样，只要那样做肯定就会是那种结果；也可以如例(1)，(2)后接表示回忆的V-たものだ。
This usage of the ba-form expresses a past habit of a definite subject, or a state/event that always took place under some particular circumstances in the past. Means “someone used to do/always did...in the past,” “if someone did A, then B was always the case.” Sometimes used with V-たものだ, which indicates recollection, as shown in (1) and (2).
作为…ば…V-た这个句型,有表示与事实相反的4那种＜与事实相反＞的用法,与＜反复・习惯＞的用法的不同点在于后者是在说实际已经成立的事实；
In the pattern ...ば...V-た, the ba-form can also indicate a state or event contrary to the actual situation, as in (4). The difference between counter-factual ば and repetitive/habitual ば is that the latter states a fact that has actually been realized.
另外,表示述说过去事实的用法在たら里也有,与ば相比,たら一般是表示过去只有一次成立的事情,而ば是表示过去反复进行的行为或是在一定的条件下总是成立的事情；
Like ば, たら can also be used to state a past fact. However, while ば expresses an action that was repeated in the past or a situation that was always realized under certain conditions, たら usually expresses a past event that took place one time only.
(1) above means “when I drank two bottles, I always/without exception got drunk.” This expresses an event that was repeated in the past. In contrast, (2) means “when I happened to drink two bottles, I got drunk” and expresses a past event that occurred once.
表示特定的事物・人物的关系如果X成立Y就成立；
Expresses the relation “if X happens, Y will happen,” with respect to a particular thing or person. X can be something that either has or has not been realized, but Y is always something that has not yet been realized.
X表示未实现和已实现的两种情况,Y经常表示未实现的事情；
The generic conditional ば described in Usage 1 is used to talk about things or events in general and is always accompanied by the dictionary form of a predicate at the end of the sentence. On the other hand, the hypothetical conditional ば is used to apply a general condition to a particular situation and state a prediction. It can be combined with expressions such as だろう and かもしれない at the end of the sentence.
如果减少食量你也会瘦吧；EN〈not-yet-realized condition〉If you reduce your food intake at meals, you too will lose weight.
1的＜一般条件＞是述说事物的一般情况,句尾用结尾的词典形,＜假定条件＞是把＜一般条件＞作为特定的个别性的事情进行预测的用法,句尾可以接だろう，かもしれない等；
The slot for Y in this pattern may be filled by a statement describing an unrealized situation, an expression of intention or command, or some other expression that reveals the speaker’s thoughts/feelings or his/her desire to exert an influence on someone.
用于Y的可以是未实现的事，意志及命令等表述・施事的表达方式；
Used with respect to a specific person or thing and means “if X happens, of course Y will also happen.” Y refers to an unrealized situation or event and is often combined with an expression of supposition or prediction at the end of the sentence, such as だろう, にちがいない, はずだ, かもしれない, or 思う.
…ば+未实现的事物 如果…的话，假如…的话；
In (1)-(3), the speaker assumes X, which has not (yet) been realized, and makes supposition Y, which is something that should happen under condition X. (4)-(6) are cases in which X has already been realized. Here the ba-form expresses the notion that “if a situation like this has actually occurred, then Y should naturally occur as well.”
对于特定的人物或事物表示只要X成立Y也当然会成立吧的意思；Y表示未实现的事情,句尾多用表示推量或预测的表达方式,如だろう(是…吧)，にちがいない(一定是)，はずだ(应该是)，かもしれない(也许是)或思う(我认为)等；
When the speaker is quite certain that Y will be realized, the non-past declarative form of a predicate can be used at the end of the sentence, as shown below.
B:それだけ
B: 喝那么多当然不舒服了；ENA: I’m starting to feel sick.
B: If you’ve drunk that much, you will feel bad.
例(1)～(3)是假定未成立的X,推测在那种情况下应当成立的Y的用法；例(4)～(6)表示X是已经实现的事情如果这种情况成立,Y也当然会成立吧；
ば is often used to say that X is a necessary and sufficient condition for the realization of Y. In (8), it takes the pattern Xさえ...ばY and expresses the meaning “in order to realize Y, it is sufficient to realize X.” In (9), it is used to state what must be done in order to obtain a desired result, and in (10) it means “when you’ve drunk so much, it’s no surprise that you feel bad.”
说话人对Y的成立如果有相当的自信时,如下列例句,句尾的谓语用现在式结句；
ば常用于表示X是使Y能够成立的必要条件；例(8)用Xさえ…ばY的形式,表示为了Y的成立,只要有X就足够了的意思,例(9)是说怎样做才能取得预期的效果的表达方式,例(10)的意思是喝那么多酒,不舒服是必然的；
这些都是表示只要是X就一定会是Y的＜一般条件＞,也适用于述说特定的情况；从例(10)来看,把无论是谁喝多了都会难受这个一般条件针对特定的对方说你也同样,喝这么多肯定会难受的；
All of these are ultimately examples of the generic condition “if X, then definitely Y” being applied to specific cases. For instance, in (10), the generic condition “anyone who drinks too much will start to feel bad” is applied to a particular addressee’s case, in order to convey the message “if you too drink so much, it’s only natural that you feel sick.”
B:いいね。すこしぐらい
B: 好啊,即使天气不太好,我们也去吧；ENA: If the weather is nice, let’s go hiking next Sunday.
B: Sounds good. Even if the weather isn’t quite perfect, let’s go.（３）A:なにか
B:そうだな、ビールがあれば
B: 是啊,要是有啤酒的话,倒是想喝点儿；ENA: Do you want something to drink?
B: Well, if you have beer, I’d like some.（４）レポートを
用于Y的可以是未实现的事，意志及命令等表述・施事的表达方式；
ば is used in the pattern Xば...しよう／したい, where Y expresses the speaker’s intention or desire, and the range of predicates that can appear in X is restricted. The general tendency is that there is no difficulty if the predicate in X is stative, but use of a verb that expresses an action or change of state often sounds unnatural.
…ば+意志・希望 如果…，假如…；
在Xば…しよう/したい的形式中,Y表示意志或期望时,用于X的谓语受到某种条件的制约；作为一般的倾向,X的谓语如果是状态性的表达就不会发生问题,如果接表示动作及变化的动词时句子多会显得不自然；
例(1)～(5)因为用的是イ形容词及ある，V-ない等状态性的谓语,所以使用ば是没有问题的；例(6)～(10)虽然X表示动作・变化,也可以用ば；例(6)中的听话人和说话人采取的是同一种动作,例(7)，(8)的意思是只要你采取X的行动,我就采取Y的行动,向对方提出交换条件,达成协定；例(9)，(10)表示不太清楚能不能看完/也许看不完,但如果能看完的话，假如下起雨来的意思,是对X的事情能不能确实成立怀有疑问,考虑到也许不能成立的说法；
例(6)～(10)虽然X表示动作・变化,也可以用ば；但如果是有关未来行动的预定,按照时间的顺序来表达动作的经过时,不可以用ば；如例(9)的意思如果是看完了这本书后,再看下一本的话,就不能用ば,而必须用たら；
(1)-(5) contain stative predicates, including i-adjectives, ある, and V-ない, so ば can be used with no problem. In (6)-(10), X expresses an action or change of state, but it is still possible to use ば. This has to do with the fact that (6) expresses the same action on the part of both the listener and the speaker, and (7) and (8), which mean “if you do X, I will do Y in return,” are cases of the speaker making a promise to the listener in exchange for something. The ば clause in (9) means “I don’t know whether I can finish reading it or not, but.../I may not be able to finish reading it, but if I can...,” and the one in (10) means “supposing it were to rain.” These expressions are used when the speaker has doubts about whether or not X will definitely occur, or when s/he takes into account the possibility that X will not occur.
So, in cases like (6)-(10), ば can be used even though X expresses an action or change of state. However, when X expresses a future plan which involves a sequence of actions that progress over time, ば cannot be used. For example, if (9) is intended to mean “after I finish reading this book, then I’ll read the next,” たら must be used instead of ば.
用于Y的可以是未实现的事，意志及命令等表述・施事的表达方式；
ば is followed by an expression that requires the listener to perform an action, such as a command, prohibition, permission, invitation, or request. In general, when an “exertion-of-influence” expression like one of these appears at the end of the sentence, it is unlikely that an action or change-of-state verb can be used in X, and the range of verbs that can be used is even more restricted than when Y is an expression of intention or desire.
…ば+呼吁・要求 如果…就…；
ば can be used when it is followed by a stative predicate such as V-たい, Vない, or ある, as is the case in examples (1)-(6). In (7), the change-of-state verb 終わる is used with ば and followed by an expression of request. This sentence conveys the meaning “you might not finish, but supposing you are able to...” and indicates that the speaker has doubts or a negative feeling about the possibility that the listener will finish. In cases like this, ば may sometimes be used.
上述各例为ば后续命令・禁止・许可・劝诱・请求等要求对方行动的施事的句子；句尾表示呼吁，要求时,一般X很难使用表示动作・变化的动词,比Y表示意志・期望的情况更要受到严格的制约；
ば可以后续V-たい，V-ない，ある等状态性的谓语,例(1)～(6)就都是这方面的例子；例(7)是ば前可以接表示变化的动词的例子,在变化的动词終わる后接表示请求的表达；意思是也许完不了,假如能够做完的话,说话人对做完的可能性抱有怀疑及否定的心情；这种情况可以用ば；
但一般来说,X表示动作或变化,其动作・变化发生后,在要求进行或禁止后续的行动或动作时,不能用ば,而必须用たら；
However, in general, when X expresses an action or change, and the speaker instructs the listener to perform a second action (after the first action/change has taken place) or prohibits that action, ば cannot be used. たら should be used instead.
B:
B: 是成人费用的8折；ENA: If you’re a student, is the charge lower?
B: It will be twenty percent off the adult price.（２）この
B:
B: 最好是送些礼物再好好地道个歉；ENA: What can I do to restore his good humor?
B: The best thing you can do is give him some kind of gift and apologize politely.（５）A:どのぐらい
B:2
B: 两个星期左右吧；ENA: How long will I have to stay in the hospital to recover?
B: About two weeks.（６）A:どこに
B:
B: 到神田的旧书店找一找,说不定会有一本；ENA: I wonder where I can go to find that book.
B: If you go to the used bookstores in Kanda, you may be able to find a copy.
用于Y的可以是未实现的事，意志及命令等表述・施事的表达方式；
…ば+发问 如果…是不是就…呢；
用XばYか的形式,表示提问要求听话人做出回答；例(1)～(3)是要求对方回答是或不是的疑问句,例(4)～(6)是用怎么，哪里等疑问句的例子；后者是ば常用于通过どうすればYか的形式,询问为了取得好结果Y,采取什么样的手段・方法X；相反,如果是问当X成立以后,应当采取什么行动时,用たら比较合适,而用ば就不合适；
The pattern XばYか expresses a question seeking an answer from the listener. (1)-(3) are yes-no interrogative sentences, and (4)-(6) are interrogative sentences with question words such as どう (how) and どこ (where). In the latter case, ば is often used in the form どうすればYか, to ask about the means or method X that can be used in order to achieve the good result Y. On the other hand, when the speaker is asking what to do when X has occurred, it is more natural to use たら, and using ば often results in an unnatural or anomalous expression.
用于Y的可以是未实现的事，意志及命令等表述・施事的表达方式；
疑问词+V-ば…のか 怎么才能…呢?
接在何/どれだけ/どんなに等疑问词后的动词バ形表示反问；意思是不论怎么…都不尽人意,表示对事情的焦躁和绝望的心情；句尾用のか/のだ/のだろう(か)等；V-ば可以和V-たら互换；
This is a rhetorical expression that consists of a question word such as 何 (what), どれだけ (how much), or どんなに (how/however) followed by the ba-form of a verb. It means “no matter how much I do..., things don’t go the way I want them to,” and it expresses the speaker’s sense of exasperation or desperation regarding a certain situation. Expressions like のか, のだ, and のだろう(か) are used at the end of the sentence. V-ば can be replaced by V-たら.
述说前后与事实相反的事,表示如果事情不是这样的话就应该实现(了)；用于两种情况,一是说已经实现了的事情,二是说根本不可能实现的事；
对好的事情没能实现时,怀有后悔以及遗憾的心情；而当避开了坏的事情以后有松了一口气没有遇上那件事,太好了的感觉；
是不是＜与事实相反＞,很多情况下从形式上不容易区别,以下的句型常用于反事实的条件句；这种用法的ば可以和たら互换；
A statement of something contrary to fact comes before ば, and after ば comes a description of something that should (have) happen(ed) if the situation were the opposite. Used to talk about an undesirable situation that has already been realized, or about a situation that is obviously impossible to realize.
When this pattern is used to say that a desired situation has not been realized, it conveys a feeling of regret or disappointment. On the other hand, when it is used to say that an undesirable situation has been avoided, it implies the speaker’s feeling of relief, as in “it’s a good thing such-and-such didn’t happen.”
In many cases, it is impossible to distinguish a counter-factual use from a factual one on the basis of form alone. However, the patterns below are often used in counter-factual conditional sentences. Also, this usage of ば can always be substituted with たら.
B:うまくいっていれば、こんな
B: 考的好就不会这么不高兴了；(因为没考好才这么不高兴)ENA: Did your exam go well?
B: If it had gone well, I wouldn’t look this crabby. (Because I failed the exam, I look this crabby.)
XばYのに/のだが/のだけれど形式的反事实条件句；Y的谓语有词典形和タ形两种；例(1)，(2)是前者的例子,是希望与现状不同或是感叹现状的表达方式；例(3)是后者的例子,假定与过去事实不同的事态,如果是那样就会成为不同的结果；例(4)的形式是V-ていればV-ている,对已经实现了的事,表示假设如果情况不同,现状就不会是这样了；
在例(1)～(3)中如果句尾用のに，のだが，のだけれど就很清楚是反事实条件句,但也可以如例(4)句尾不用这些词；
The pattern XばYのに／のだが／のだけれど is a counter-factual conditional sentence. The predicate in Y takes either the dictionary form or the ta-form. (1) and (2) are examples of the former. These express that the speaker desires something that is different from the present situation, regrets this situation, etc. In (3) the speaker uses the ta-form to hypothesize a past situation that is different from what actually happened and to state that, if the hypothetical situation had been realized, the result would have been different. (4) illustrates the pattern V-ていればV-ている, which is used to state a hypothesis, with regard to a situation that has already been realized, that if things had been different the present situation would not have arisen.
As shown in (1)-(3), when an expression like のに, のだが, or のだけれど appears at the end of the sentence, it is clear that the sentence is a counter-factual conditional. However, such expressions are not always used, as seen in (4).
推侧如果是另一种情况就必然会发生的事；句尾用だろう・はずだ・かもしれない・にちがいない・と思う等表示预测・推侧的表达方式；
Used to speculate about a situation or event that could have happened, if things had been different. An expression of prediction or conjecture, such as だろう, はずだ, かもしれない, にちがいない, or と思う, is used at the end of the sentence.
例(1)～(5)接谓语的タ形时,表示过去的事实会不同,例(6)接谓语的词典形时,表示现状会不同；
When the expression of prediction or conjecture is preceded by the ta-form of a predicate, as in (1)-(5), it means that the actual past situation differs from the one expressed by the predicate. When the dictionary form is used, as in (6), it means that the present situation differs from the one expressed by the predicate.
句尾用V-るところだった，V-ていたところだ，V-ていたところだった等形式；
In this pattern, ば is followed at the end of the sentence by an expression like V-るところだった, V-ていたところだ, or V-ていたところだった.
…ばV-るところだ是一种表示假设的说法,假设如果情况与X不同,眼看就要发生而未发生的事情Y；(1)就是这种例子,表示实际上因为不年轻了,所以去不了,但心情上是想去的的意思；
...ばV-るところだ is used to hypothesize an unrealized situation or event Y, which would likely be realized if the situation were different from X. (1) is such an example; it means “I’m not actually young so I can’t go, but I am almost inclined to do so.”
…ばV-ていたところだ是说过去可能会发生的情况如果情况不同,就那样做了/就成为那样了的意思；例(2)就是这方面的例子；
...ばV-ていたところだ means “if the situation had been different, I would have done such-and-such/such-and-such would have happened.” Expresses a potential situation in the past, as exemplified in (2).
例(3)，(4)的…ばV-るところだった表示情况如果不同,本来该发生的事情在发生之前避免了；用于没有造成坏的结果,太好了的场合；
...ばV-るところだった, shown in (3) and (4), is used when an event that would have happened under different circumstances was avoided just before it takes place. Used when the speaker feels relieved that it was possible to avoid an unfavorable outcome.
例(5)的忘れていたところだった也可以说成忘れているところだった,但前者表示过去的某个时间里的情况避免了忘掉,后者表示现在的情况幸而没有忘掉；
忘れていたところだった in (5) can be rephrased as 忘れているところだった. However, the former expresses a past situation, with the sense of “I managed not to forget,” while the latter expresses a present situation, with the sense of “I’ve managed to remember.”
句尾用动词的タ形,表示与事实相反的事情；对于过去了的事情,假设实际没有发生或与实际不同的情况发生了；例(2)表示的意思是要是再早点儿来就赶上了,但实际上因为来晚了没有赶上；
In this pattern, ば takes the ta-form of a verb at the end of the sentence and expresses a counter-factual situation or event. Used with respect to a past situation, to hypothesize an action that was not actually performed or a state that differs from reality, and to express a situation or event that would have occurred under the hypothetical circumstances. (2), for instance, means “if I had come earlier, I would have been in time; however, since I actually came late, I was not in time.”
通常,反事实的条件句,如前面的a～c多在句尾用のに/のだが/のだけど或だろう/かもしれない/はずだ/にちがいない/と思う，ところだ(った)等,但也有如d没有这些词的句型；
In general, counter-factual conditional sentences often end with expressions like のに／のだが／のだけれど, or だろう／かもしれない／はずだ／にちがいない／と思う, or ところだ(った), as shown in patterns (a)-(c) above. However, there are cases in which no such expression is used, as shown in this pattern (d). Note that when the ta-form is used in sentence-final position, in particular, conditional sentences with ば and たら may express different meanings.
句尾用タ形结尾的,要注意用ば的句子和用たら的句子的不同；
Example 1, which means “I pressed the button. Then it exploded,” expresses an event that actually took place. On the other hand, example 2 is a counter-factual conditional sentence that means “If I had pressed the button, it would have exploded, but I didn’t actually press the button, so it didn’t explode.”
用XばY的形式用于表示当X成立时对Y有了重新认识的意思；这种用法一般使用たら和と,而ば只限用于诗歌或小说以及较陈旧的文学的表达形式；在口语中一般可用V-てみれば的形式,表示了解事实后的理解心情那也是有道理的，那是理所应当的等意思；
The pattern XばY is used to express that the speaker realized Y at the time X occurred. For this usage, たら and と are more usual, and the use of ば is restricted to somewhat old-fashioned literary expressions such as those found in poetry and novels. When this pattern is used in spoken Japanese, it usually takes the form V-てみれば and expresses the speaker’s understanding or acceptance after learning the truth about something, with the sense of “that is quite right” or “of course, it stands to reason.”
例(1)～(3)可以和たら互换,但如果用了たら意思就成为做了某事以后从而发现了什么事；如例(1)换成たら,把句子变为会ってみたら、うわさほどのことはなかったよ,就成为见了面以后才发现和传闻的不同的意思；这种述说自己的新感受时,一般用たら或と,而用ば则多显得不自然；
In (1)-(3), ば can be replaced by たら, but when たら is used, it means “as a result of taking such-and-such an action, I realized something.” For example, when ば in (1) is replaced by たら to say 会ってみたら、うわさほどのことはなかったよ, the たら sentence means “as a result of meeting him, I found out that he was not as (strange) as was rumored.” Thus, when a speaker is describing a new realization just the way it happened, s/he usually uses たら or と; if ば is used, it often sounds unnatural.
如以下的例子,同一人物接前面的动作做后一动作,而且只是一次性的动作时,不能用ば和たら,只能用と；
When talking about one person who performs two actions in succession, one time only, と should be used, not ば or たら. See the example below.
重复使用同一个动词或形容词；用于提出对照性的事情,表示不论是哪种情况都一样；例(1)的意思是有车方便,没有也不像想的那么困难,例(2)是父亲不论天热天冷都发牢骚,例(3)是有钱没钱都麻烦,例(4)的意思是孩子小的时候和长大了之后,都让人操心；例(4)的第二个大きく可以省略,说成大きくなればなったで；与…たら…で的表达方式相近；
The same verb or adjective is repeated in this pattern, which is used to say that situations that should contrast with each other are essentially the same. For instance, (1) means “if I had a car, it would be convenient, but even without a car, I don’t have as much trouble as I’d expected,” (2) means “My father complains, regardless of whether it is hot or cold,” (3) means “Money is always troublesome, whether you have it or not,” and (4) means “Children make us worry while they’re small and also after they’ve grown up.” In (4), it is possible to omit the second use of 大きく and say 大きくなればなったで instead. ...たら...で is a synonymous expression.
用于后续的发言是在什么样的条件下进行的,提前限定其范围，进行预告或注释；在某种程度上是固定化了的惯用的表达方式；在一般的情况下可以和たら互换；
This pattern is used to indicate in advance the conditions under which the following statement will be made, or to give advance warning or explanation of something. It includes idiomatic expressions that are rather fixed. In most cases, ば can be replaced by たら.
B:はい、3
B: 是的,3点结束的；如果您方便,下星期二还有说明会；ENA: Has today’s briefing already finished?
B: Yes, it was over at three. If it’s convenient for you, there will be another briefing next Tuesday.（３）よろしければ、もう
用于对听话人进行请求或劝诱和建议时的惯用的表达形式,表示考虑到对方的情况和心情；意思是如果您方便或愿意的话,是说话人一种很客气的礼貌的表达形式,表明如果您不方便或是不想那样做的话可以不必答应；
The expressions above in ba-form are idiomatic expressions used to make requests, recommendations, or suggestions. They show the speaker’s consideration for the listener’s situation or feelings. They mean “as long as it is not contrary to your convenience or intentions.” These are polite expressions that convey the speaker’s reservation—that is, the attitude that it is not necessary for the listener to act on the request, suggestion, etc., if it is inconvenient for him/her or if s/he does not want to do it.
B:うん。でも
B: 嗯；但是说老实话,其实我是不想去的；ENA: Are you really going?
B: Yeah. But to be honest, I really don’t want to.（２）50
接言う，思う，比べる等表示发言，思考，比较的动词,对于后续的发言和说明是出于什么样的立场・观点,提前做出预告和说明；
例(1)，(2)可以和正直に言って/言うと/言ったら，比べて/比べると/比べたら互换,例(3)可以和考えてみると/みたら互换；例(4)的意思是现在想起来,用于满怀感慨地回顾过去的事情,不能与テ形及たら，と互换；
在某种程度上固定化的惯用表达方式很多,如はっきり言えば，極端に言えば，からみれば，からすれば等；
Verbs of utterance, thought, or comparison, such as 言う (say/speak), 思う (think), and 比べる (compare), are used in the ba-form to give advance warning or explanation of the perspective or standpoint from which the statement or judgment that follows will be made.
The ba-form expressions in (1) and (2) can be rephrased as 正直言って／言うと／言ったら and 比べて／比べると／比べたら, respectively. (3) can be rephrased as 考えてみると／みたら. The expression 思えば in (4), which means “when I think about it once again,” is used to take an emotional look back at the past. It cannot be rephrased with the te-form, たら, or と.
As noted above, this usage of the ba-form consists mostly of idiomatic expressions that are rather fixed. Additional examples include はっきり言えば (frankly speaking/to put it bluntly), 極端に言えば (to put it in extreme terms), からみれば (from the viewpoint of), からすれば (from the standpoint of), and so on.
A:これなんかどうかなあ。
B:
A: 这个怎么样啊；
B: 穿穿看吧；EN《at a clothing store》
A: What about this one?
B: Why don’t you try it on?（２）A:ゆうべから、すごく
B:そんなに
B: 那么疼吗?就别上班了,怎么样?ENA: I’ve had a terrible headache since yesterday evening.
B: That bad, huh? Why don’t you take a day off?（３）A:あ、これ
B:
B: 就告诉他吧；ENA: Oh, this is wrong.
B: Why don’t you tell him?
用上升语调发音,用于劝听话人采取某个行动时；如只用V-ば结尾,给人的感觉多是对于说话人来说无所谓的很随便的感觉；也可以和V-たら，V-たらどう互换；用于通俗的口语；
V-ば is pronounced with rising intonation and used to suggest that the listener take a particular action. When the speaker ends a sentence with V-ば, it often sounds like s/he is unconcerned or has only passing interest in the matter at hand. Can be substituted with V-たらor V-たらどう. Used in casual spoken Japanese.
例(1)～(3)是把类似的事情并列起来加以强调,例(4)，(5)是把对照性的事情并列起来,表示还有很多情况；这些例句如酒も飲むしたばこも吸う,可以和使用…し的用法互换；再如動物の好きな人がいれば嫌いな人もいる中的第一个も可以换成が；
This pattern is used to list similar items for emphasis, as shown in (1)-(3), or to list contrasting items in order to express that there is a variety of cases, as shown in (4) and (5). These examples can be paraphrased using ...し, as in 酒も飲むしたばこも吸う (he drinks and moreover he smokes). Also, the first instance of も can be changed to が, as in 動物の好きな人がいれば嫌いな人もいる (some people like animals, but others don’t).
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